Sexual stigma in the narratives of bi+ Puerto Ricans

Abstract

This qualitative exploratory inquiry examined the experiences of plurisexual (bi+) individuals in Puerto Rico, with a focus on sexual stigma, support, and acceptance. It is a qualitative approach, integrating relational constructionism and the sexual stigma framework that addresses a gap in the literature that often overlooks the unique experiences of bi+ people or merges them with those of lesbian and gay individuals. Eight collaborators who identified as bisexual, pansexual, queer, or as attracted to more than one gender participated in individual interviews. The interviews incorporated a visual and narrative technique called messy map interview, which allowed collaborators to map and discuss the elements most relevant to their experiences. This participant-centered method facilitated open dialogue about identity, relationships, and social context. Data were transcribed, coded, and analyzed using NVivo software, with the maps guiding the coding process and thematic development. Results indicated that collaborators encountered sexual stigma across multiple domains, including family, religion, education, healthcare, and LGBTQIA+ spaces. Stigma manifests in enacted (discriminatory actions), felt (fear of rejection), and internalized (self-directed) forms. Despite this, participants also described moments of support, often found in friendships, queer communities, romantic relationships, and university settings. Social media also played a key role in identity exploration and validation. The findings highlight that sexual stigma toward bi+ people in Puerto Rico is shaped by deeply rooted religious and monosexist discourses. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the relational and socio-cultural elements that impact bi+ Puerto Ricans and offer important implications for mental health professionals, educators, and policymakers. This work emphasizes the need for culturally contextualized research, inclusive health services, and public education campaigns that address bi+ stigma and foster affirming environments.